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The
temples with "Jeevatha" are mostly in Karthikappilly Taluk of Alapuzha
District which includes Kayamkulam, Haripad, etc. All such temples have
their own Jeevatha and rhythm group, and five or six of them congregate
during the festival ("utsavam") season.
The
word Jeevatha connotes that the "jeeva chaithanyam" (living aura) of goddess
Devi has been invoked; but alternately, the word "Seevatha" is also used,
derived possibly from the important temple ritual "Seeveli". Experts prefer
the latter since the ritual is believed to be the occasion when the main
deity of the temple comes out to visit the other deities and the "Ashtadikpaalakar".
Jeevatha,
made with precision in measurements based on a blend of "Thachusaasthram"
(architecture) and expert craftsmanship, was originated by the Raja (king)
of Kayamkulam. Centuries ago, he presented a Jeevatha each to the Ramapuram
and Chettikulangara temples at the same time. The Ramapuram Bhagavathy
(goddess Lakshmi) is in the peaceful and beautiful form, while at Chettikulangara,
she is in the frightening and powerful mood. And accordingly, the Jeevatha
as well as the rhythm ensemble are also of different styles. Though with
similarities and dissimilarities, they both are believed to have their
origin at Kodungallur.
In
the numerous temples of Onattukara, the "Parayeduppu" period is the festival
season. It all begins when the deity ("Devi") of Ramapuram temple is taken
out in procession for Parayeduppu on the Bharani star of the Malayalam
month Vrischikam. The festivals continue to the end of Medam.
The
main part of Parayeduppu is the Jeevatha constructed in the model of the
temple structure itself. This box-like carriage for the deity rests on
two teakwood poles about two meters long, and is in the form of a palanquin
("Pallakku"). The front resembles "Thidambu" behind which is a kind of
small chest ("pettakam") built as per Thachusaasthra calculations. Up front
is a woollen cloth embroidered with shining, colourful pictures and gold
trinkets. Behind that is kept the deity's holy dress, starched and pleated,
and decorated with small mirror pieces.
Several
styles of Jeevatha are in vogue. The "Kettu Jeevatha" of Ramapuram area
and the "Ura Jeevatha" of the Kaaraazhma Desam are the more popular ones.
In the former, parts of the Thidambu in front are hung so as to swing while
in motion, while in "Ura", they are fixed.
The
rhythms used during Jeevatha Ezunnallathu (procession) are quite noteworthy.
Several "Thaalams" (beats) such as Lakshmi, Atantha, Chembata, Thriputa,
Panchaari and Vishama kundalam are used. Starting with very slow beats,
it builds up a crescendo and ends in fast beats. The ensemble consists
of Veekkan chenda, Uruttu chenda (both drums), Elathaalam (cymbals), Kombu
and Kuzhal (both, wind instruments).
Although
Jeevatha Ezunnallathu and Parayeduppu are centuries old customs, the "Chuvadu
Vechu Kali" (a peculiar dance with unique steps) is relatively recent.
Old timers claim its origin at Ramapuram temple. Mankulam Kesavan Nampoothiri,
who was well-versed in all art forms, and father of the eminent Kathakali
artiste, late Mankulam Vishnu Nampoothiri, was then "Ezhunnallathukaaran"
(prime escort) at Ramapuram temple. He, ably assisted by his contemporary,
the expert drummer, Mampara Neelakandha Panikkar, is said to have developed
the new step-dance.
Jeevatha
Ezunnallathu is mostly in Devi temples, and performed (Thaalam chavittal)
by Namboothiris. Wearing their traditional dress ("Thattudukkal") and with
towels firmly tied at the waist and on the head, they carry the Jeevatha
on their shoulders and perform the step-dance. Among all the variations
of the step-dance, the best known now is that of Kandiyur Neelamana Illathu
Narayanan Nampoothiri (now bed-ridden). Prominent among the Ramapuram tradition
at present are Keerikkat Mankulam Govindan Nampoothiri (died recently,
April 22, 2000), his son Kesavan Nampoothiri, and Omanakkuttan. In Chettikulangara,
the first "Purappedaasaanthi", Govindan Nampoothiri, Kallampallil Vishnu
Nampoothiri, etc. are well-known. The Kaaraazhma Desam can boast of Cheruthaala
Madhathil Narayanan Nampoothiri, Vatavaa Melur Subrahmanian Nampoothiri
and Vettuviruthi Neelamana Narayanan Nampoothiri.
Article
prepared by Prof: V M N Nambudiripad
With inputs from: G K Nampoothiri, Mankulam Illam, Kareelakulangara - 690572, Kayamkulam English Translation: K D Nambudripad |
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